Amaranth Plant

Amaranthus, collectively known as amaranth, is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants. Some amaranth species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals, and ornamental plants. Most of the species from Amaranthus are summer annual weeds and are commonly referred to as pigweed. Catkin-like cymes of densely packed flowers grow in summer or autumn. Approximately 60 species are recognized, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple and red to green or gold. Members of this genus share many characteristics and uses with members of the closely related genus Celosia.

Common Lambsquarters

Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) is a weed found in many agricultural systems. Its resistance to photosystem II inhibitors (triazines), ALSinhibitors, and now suspected resistance to glyphosate makes this weed a serious threat to agricultural production systems across North America. Regardless of the type of resistance, resistant weed problems are often caused by producer practices, such as not rotating herbicides and including too few nonchemical management tactics.

Common Sunflower

Helianthus annuus, the common sunflower, is a large annual forb of the genus Helianthus grown as a crop for its edible oil and edible fruits (sunflower seeds). This sunflower species is also used as bird food, as livestock forage (as a meal or a silage plant), and in some industrial applications. The plant was first domesticated in the Americas. Wild Helianthus annuus is a widely branched annual plant with many flower heads. The domestic sunflower, however, often possesses only a single large inflorescence (flower head) atop an unbranched stem. The name sunflower may derive from the flower’s head’s shape, which resembles the sun, or from the false impression that the blooming plant appears to slowly turn its flower towards the sun as the latter moves across the sky on a daily basis.

Giant Foxtail

Setaria faberi, the Japanese bristlegrass, nodding bristle-grass, Chinese foxtail, Chinese millet, giant bristlegrass, giant foxtail or nodding foxtail, is an Asian grass. It is a summer annual, with plants emerging from seeds in the spring, and setting seeds in the late summer or fall. Giant foxtails prefer compacted soils, high in nitrogen and phosphorus. The plant gains a competitive edge on crops as the soil pH increases.
Giant foxtail has been introduced to North America, where it is a widespread weed. It is a significant pest of corn, reducing crop yields by 13-14% at average plant distributions. Mechanical control of giant foxtails by night tillage, rotary hoeing, or flaming is very difficult. Crop rotation with two years of alfalfa effectively reduces giant foxtail populations. Herbicides can effectively control the plant when it is growing amongst broadleaf crops, but are less effective when it is infesting corn.

Giant Ragweed

Ambrosia trifida, called giant ragweed, is a species of flowering plant in the sunflower family. It is native to North America, where it is widespread in Canada, the United States, and northern Mexico. It is present in Europe and Asia as an introduced species, and it is known as a common weed in many regions.[3] Its common names include great ragweed, Texan great ragweed, giant ragweed, tall ragweed, blood ragweed, perennial ragweed, horseweed, buffaloweed, and kinghead.

This species is well known as a noxious weed, both in its native range and in areas where it is an introduced and ofteninvasive species. It is naturalized in some areas, and it is recorded as an adventive species in others. It grows in many types of disturbed habitat, such as roadsides, and in cultivated fields. Widespread seed dispersal occurs when its spiny burs fall off the plant and are carried to new habitat by people, animals, machinery, or flowing water. The plant is destructive to native and crop plants because it easily outcompetes them for light.

Green Foxtail

Setaria viridis is a species of grass known by many common names, including green foxtail, green bristlegrass, and wild foxtail millet. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of Setaria italica. It is native to Eurasia, but it is known on most continents as an introduced species and is closely related to Setaria faberi, a noxious weed. It is a hardy grass which grows in many types of urban, cultivated, and disturbed habitat, including vacant lots, sidewalks, railroads, lawns, and at the margins of fields. It is the wild antecedent of the crop foxtail millet.

Herbicide

Herbicide(s), also commonly known as weedkillers, are chemical substances used to control unwanted plants. Selective herbicides control specific weed species, while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called “total weedkillers” in commercial products) can be used to clear waste ground, industrial and construction sites, railways and railway embankments as they kill all plant material with which they come into contact.

Horseweed

Conyza canadensis (sometimes called Erigeron canadensis L.) is an annual plant native throughout most of North America and Central America. It is also widely naturalized in Eurasia and Australia. Common names include horseweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, coltstail, marestail and butterweed. It was the first weed to have developed glyphosate resistance, reported in 2001 from Delaware.
Horseweed is commonly considered a weed, and in Ohio it has been declared a noxious weed. It can be found in fields, meadows, and gardens throughout its native range. Horseweed infestations have reduced soybean yields by as much as 83%. It is an especially problematic weed in no-till agriculture, as it is often resistant toglyphosate and other herbicides. Farmers are advised to include 2,4-D or dicamba in a burndown application prior to planting to control horseweed.

Marestail

Conyza canadensis, an annual weed also known as horseweed and Canadian fleabane. Equisetum, a fern ally also known as horsetail and pipeweed

Morning Glory Weed

Morning glory (also written as morning-glory[1]) is the common name for over 1,000 species of flowering plants in the family Convolvulaceae, whose current taxonomy and systematics are in flux.
Most morning glory flowers unravel into full bloom in the early morning. The flowers usually start to fade a few hours before the “petals” start showing visible curling. They prefer full solar exposure throughout the day, and mesic soils. Some morning glories, such as Ipomoea muricata, are night-blooming flowers.

Palmer Amaranth

Amaranthus palmeri is a species of edible flowering plant in the amaranth genus. It has several common names, including carelessweed,[1] dioecious amaranth, Palmer’s amaranth, Palmer amaranth, and Palmer’s pigweed. It is native to most of the southern half of North America. Populations in the eastern United States are probably naturalized. It has also been introduced to Europe, Australia, and other areas. The plant is fast-growing and highly competitive.
Palmer amaranth is considered a threat most specifically to the production of genetically modified cotton and soybeancrops in the southern United States because in many places, the plant has developed resistance to glyphosate since at least 2006, a widely used broad-spectrum herbicide. Glyphosate-resistant pigweed not only dominates in cotton fields, but has wide ranging effects on other crops and productions, as well. In 2001, Palmer amaranth was found in the southern quarter of Illinois and appeared to be moving to northern Illinois in 2006.

Pigweed

Amaranthus palmeri is a species of edible flowering plant in the amaranth genus. It has several common names, including carelessweed, dioecious amaranth, Palmer’s amaranth, Palmer amaranth, and Palmer’s pigweed. It is native to most of the southern half of North America. Populations in the eastern United States are probably naturalized. It has also been introduced to Europe, Australia, and other areas. The plant is fast-growing and highly competitive.
Palmer amaranth is considered a threat most specifically to the production of genetically modified cotton and soybeancrops in the southern United States because in many places, the plant has developed resistance to glyphosate since at least 2006, a widely used broad-spectrum herbicide. Glyphosate-resistant pigweed not only dominates in cotton fields, but has wide ranging effects on other crops and productions, as well. In 2001, Palmer amaranth was found in the southern quarter of Illinois and appeared to be moving to northern Illinois in 2006.

Roundup

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and an organophosphorus compound, specifically a phosphonate. It is used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete with crops. It was discovered to be an herbicide by Monsanto chemist John E. Franz in 1970.[3] Monsanto brought it to market in 1974 under the trade name Roundup, and Monsanto’s last commercially relevant United States patent expired in 2000.

Spray Nozzle

A spray nozzle is a precision device that facilitates dispersion of liquid into a spray. Nozzles are used for three purposes: to distribute a liquid over an area, to increase liquid surface area, and create impact force on a solid surface. A wide variety of spray nozzle applications use a number of spray characteristics to describe the spray.
Spray nozzles can be categorized based on the energy input used to cause atomization, the breakup of the fluid into drops. Spray nozzles can have one or more outlets; a multiple outlet nozzle is known as a compound nozzle.

Velvetleaf

Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf, velvetweed, Chinese jute, China jute, buttonweed, butterprint, pie-marker, orIndian mallow) is an annual plant in the family Malvaceae, native to southern Asia. Its specific epithet theophrasticommemorates the ancient Greek botanist-philosopher Theophrastus.

In midwestern and northeastern regions of the United States, eastern Canada and the Eastern Mediterranean, A. theophrasti is considered a damaging weed to agricultural crops, especially corn and soybeans. Since being introduced to North America in the 18th century, velvetleaf has become an invasive species in agricultural regions of the eastern and midwestern United States. It is one of the most detrimental weeds to corn causing decreases of up to 34% of crop yield if not controlled and costing hundreds of millions of dollars per year in control and damage. Velvetleaf is an extremely competitive plant, so much so that it can steal nutrients and water from crops. Velvetleaf is controllable by herbicides.

Waterhemp

Waterhemp is most common in the Midwest, but is found from Texas to Maine. As the name implies, waterhemp thrives in wet areas of fields, but is adapted to a variety of conditions. Previously, two waterhemp species were recognized: tall waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) and common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis), which are both native to the Midwest. However, due to the high degree of genetic similarity and frequent hybridization between the two waterhemps, many botanists now group them into one “waterhemp” species, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Pratt and Clark 2001)

Wooley Cupgrass

A summer annual weed of agronomic crops. Seedlings are relatively robust with wide leaves that are covered with very short (1 mm or less) hairs. Seedlings are often tinged red at the base. Mature plants have leaves with very short hairs on both surfaces. Leaves have rough margins, are without auricles, and have a small ligule that is a fringe of hairs. Leaf sheaths can root at the nodes. The seedhead is a branched panicle that contains the relatively large tan seed (4 to 5 mm) with a distinctive “cap” at the base.

Yellow Foxtail

Setaria pumila is a species of grass known by many common names, including yellow foxtail, yellow bristle-grass, pigeon grass, and cattail grass. It is native to Europe, but it is known throughout the world as a common weed. It grows in lawns, sidewalks, roadsides, cultivated fields, and many other places. This annual grass grows 20 centimeters to well over a meter in height, its mostly hairless stems ranging from green to purple-tinged in color. The leaf blades are hairless on the upper surfaces, twisting, and up to 30 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a stiff, cylindrical bundle of spikelets 2 to 15 centimeters long with short, blunt bristles. The panicle may appear yellow or yellow-tinged.